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$Unique_ID{USH00849}
$Pretitle{80}
$Title{U.S. Marines in Lebanon (1982-1984)
Front Matter}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Frank, Benis M.}
$Affiliation{USMC}
$Subject{marine
history
lebanon
corps
author
book
marines
beirut
32nd
mau}
$Volume{}
$Date{1987}
$Log{}
Book: U.S. Marines in Lebanon (1982-1984)
Author: Frank, Benis M.
Affiliation: USMC
Date: 1987
Overview of U.S. Marines in Lebanon (1982-1984)
The U.S. Marines were deployed in Lebanon from 1982 to 1984. This book
provides a straightforward account of their mission, from the landing of the
32nd Marine Amphibious Unit to the withdrawal of the 22nd Marine
Amphibious Unit following the end of its mission in February 1984.
Front Matter
Foreword
This book is a straightforward account of the deployment of Marines to
Lebanon in the period 1982-1984. The story begins with the landing of the
32nd Marine Amphibious Unit (32nd MAU) in Beirut in August 1982 at the request
of the Lebanese Government to assist, together with French and Italian
military units, in supervising the evacuation of the Palestine Liberation
Organization. It ends in February 1984 with the withdrawal of the 22nd Marine
Amphibious Unit following the effective end of its mission and the nearly
complete breakdown of order in Lebanon. In between is an ambiguous Marine
mission of presence of 18 months duration. Together with the British, French,
and Italian members of the Multi-National Force, the Marines attempted, as
"peacekeepers," to assist the Lebanese Government in achieving stability and
ending the factional fighting which has all but destroyed Lebanon as a viable
political entity.
For any number of reasons, none of which are the concern of this book,
the mission of peacekeeping failed, and in the process, those who were there
to help Lebanon achieve the peace so many Lebanese wanted - but too many
others did not - were sorely tried and severely mauled. As a history strictly
of the Marines' role in Lebanon, this book does not deal with the major,
high-level decisions of the administration which put and kept Marines in that
country. Nor does the book deal with American diplomatic efforts in the
Middle East in this period except in those instances when the MAU Marines were
directly involved. This is simply the story of Marine Corps presence and
operations in Lebanon for the period concerned. It draws no conclusions.
The author, Benis M. Frank, is the head of the Marine Corps Oral History
Program. As such, in two trips to Beirut and three to Camp Lejeune, he
interviewed the major members of the staffs and commands of the three MAUs
(22nd, 24th, and 32nd) which were deployed to Beirut. For his second trip to
Beirut in October 1983, he went by way of Grenada, where he joined the 22nd
MAU in transiting the Atlantic, conducting interviews about the Grenada
operation en route to Lebanon. Mr. Frank graduated from the University of
Connecticut in 1949 with a bachelor of arts degree in history. His schooling
was interrupted by World War II, in which he served as an enlisted Marine with
the 1st Marine Division in the Peleliu and Okinawa operations and the
occupation of North China. He was a candidate for a master of arts degree in
international relations at Clark University when he left school in 1950 to
return to active service in the Korean War as a commissioned officer, again
serving with the 1st Marine Division.
Mr. Frank joined the Marine Corps Historical Program in 1961. He is the
coauthor of Victory and Occupation, the final volume of the official
five-volume series, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II,
and author of Halsey; Okinawa, Touchstone to Victory; Okinawa: The Great
Island Battle; and Denig's Demons and How They Grew: A History of Marine
Corps Combat Correspondents, Photographers, and Artists. He pioneered the
Marine Corps Oral History Program and has headed it since 1966.
In the interests of accuracy and objectivity, the History and Museums
Division welcomes comments on this history from interested individuals.
Preface
US. Marines in Lebanon, 1982-1984, is based primarily on the monthly
command chronologies and biweekly situation reports of the Marine amphibious
units which were deployed to Lebanon as well as other related official
documentation, all of which resides in the archives of the Marine Corps
Historical Center. Although none of the information in this history is
classified, some of the documentation on which it is based remains so. A
considerable number of "issue-oriented" oral history interviews concerned with
the deployments were also used in the preparation of this book.
Following the return of the 32nd MAU from Lebanon and before its
redeployment in early 1983, the author began a series of interviews with the
key personnel in all the MAUs deployed to Lebanon to augment the paper record
of this 18-month period in Marine Corps history. Before U.S. Marines in
Lebanon was completed, a total of 119 interviews had been conducted. They are
now accessioned in the Marine Corps Oral History Collection.
The author is grateful to a number of individuals for their professional,
administrative, and moral support during the research and writing phases for
this book. First, Mrs. Alexandra B. Chaker, his assistant in the Oral History
Section, prepared the initial manuscript for typography and was in all other
ways entirely supportive. Mrs. Ann A. Ferrante, of the Reference Section,
responded nobly when called upon to research the voluminous Lebanon files in
the section. Similarly, Mrs. Joyce Bonnett, the Center archivist,
consistently provided pertinent documentation as soon as it arrived in the
Center, as did Miss Evelyn A. Englander, head librarian.
The various production phases this volume went through before publication
were professionally handled by the head of the Publications Production
Section, Mr. Robert E. Struder. His able associate, Mrs. Catherine A. Kerns,
set the manuscript in type. Mr. William S. Hill, the History and Museums
Division graphics specialist, is responsible for the design and layout of this
book. The author prepared the index.
The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Director of Marine
Corps History and Museums, Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, who conceived
of this project and kept the author's "feet to the fire" to ensure completion
of a publishable, factual, and objective manuscript. Two Deputies for Marine
Corps History, Colonels John G. Miller and James R. Williams, also read,
commented on, and shepherded the project to its completion. Gratitude is also
extended to Mr. Henry I. Shaw, Jr., Chief Historian, who was the author's
mentor and coauthor many years ago in writing Victory and Occupation, and who
unfailingly and continually offered his considerable expertise in Marine Corps
history, research and writing, and his extensive editorial guidance.
The author also extends his appreciation to the former commanders of the
22nd, 24th, and 32nd Marine Amphibious Units - Brigadier Generals Jim R. Joy
and James M. Mead, and Colonels Thomas M. Stokes, Jr., and Timothy J. Geraghty
- for having reviewed and commented on the draft manuscript of this book and
for their hospitality and cooperation when he visited their commands to
conduct oral history interviews. Major Jack L. Farmer, Assistant 5-3 in the
32nd MAU and 5-3 of the 22nd MAU, read the draft, was interviewed several
times for the history, and provided considerable background information to
enhance the story, as did Commander George W. Pucciarelli, CHC, USN, 24th MAU
chaplain at the time of the Beirut tragedy. The expert reviews and comments of
both J. Robert Moskin, author of The US. Marine Corps Story, and Larry Pintak,
former CBS Mid-East correspondent who covered Beirut during the Marine
deployments there are noted with deep appreciation. Similarly, the author is
grateful to Major Fred T. Lash, who headed the MAUs' Joint Public Affairs
Bureau in Beirut, for having hosted and guided him when he was in Lebanon and
for lending his collection of photographs and political cartoons for use in
this book. Three members of the Department of Plans, Policies, and Operations
at Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps - Colonel Gerald J. Oberdorfer and
Lieutenant Colonels Arthur S. Weber, Jr., and Robert P. Mauskapff were also
quite helpful in reviewing the draft manuscript. The author also acknowledges
with gratitude the cooperation and insights given by all of those serving
Marines who were interviewed about their Beirut experiences, and those who
read and meaningfully commented on the draft. This is, in a large way, really
their history.
It would be totally ungracious for the author not to acknowledge the
considerable moral support he received from his wife Marylou, as he wrote this
history. She read the draft manuscript and made cogent recommendations which
were sage, pertinent, and gratefully accepted. The author, however, is
responsible for the contents of this work and any errors of omission or
commission which appear.
Finally, this book is dedicated to those United States Marines, sailors,
and soldiers who gave "presence"- and their lives - in Beirut and are now no
more.